Due to anthropogenic actions, the presence of pollutants in water bodies, such as toxic metals, are increasingly negatively affecting water quality, biodiversity and sustainable goals worldwide. Therefore, decentralization of water pollution monitoring with low-cost devices, such as using smartphones, suggests an innovative green technology for in situ and real-time control. In this study, a Handheld Smartphone Spectrophotometry System (HSSS) was developed to estimate copper and iron concentration water samples. The system mainly comprises a portable commercial spectrometer (GoSpectro) that can measure the spectrum of light in the visible region. The HSSS LOD and LOQ for copper were equal to 0.589 and 1.784 mg/L, respectively, and 0.479 and 1.450 mg/L, respectively for iron. In addition, the results of copper and iron concentrations in samples with unknown concentrations using HSSS were close to the Benchtop Spectrophometer (BS). Finally, HSSS performance showed to be a new green technology for water quality management with potential applications for monitoring water resources and also providing further possibilities to measure other pollutants by the same technique, in addition to metals.
Environmental Pollutants , Metals, Heavy , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Copper/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Iron/analysis , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Smartphone , Spectrum Analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollution/analysis
Low impact development practices (LID) as alternative measures of urban drainage can be used within the approach of resources recycling and co-management. This study evaluates the potential contribution of a bioretention system to flood control, non-potable water demands (NPD) and resources co-management. Bioretention setups were tested experimentally under variable conditions to identify operational key-factors to multiple purposes. Additionally, the efficiencies obtained for laboratory scale were extrapolated for household and watershed scale, quantifying the indicators of water demand reduction (WDR), energy demand reduction (EDR) and carbon emission reduction (CER) for hybrid systems with LID. The laboratory results indicated that the use of a bioretention with a submerged zone can improve the quality of the water recovered for reuse, while maintaining the efficiency of runoff retention and peak flow attenuation. Comparing the bioretention effluent quality with the Brazilian standards for stormwater reuse, the parameters color, turbidity, E. coli and metals were above the limits, indicating the necessity of a better treatment for solids particles and disinfection. Expanding the analysis to watershed scale, the bioretention helped to reduce NPD demands up to 45%, leading to a reduction in energy demand and carbon emission from the centralized water supply system.
Nitrogen , Rain , Escherichia coli , Floods , Laboratories
The necessity of incorporating a resilience-informed approach into urban planning and its decision-making is felt now more than any time previously, particularly in low and middle income countries. In order to achieve a successful transition to sustainable, resilient and cost-effective cities, there is a growing attention given to more effective integration of nature-based solutions, such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), with other urban components. The experience of SuDS integration with urban planning, in developed cities, has proven to be an effective strategy with a wide range of advantages and lower costs. The effective design and implementation of SuDS requires a multi-objective approach by which all four pillars of SuDS design (i.e., water quality, water quantity, amenity and biodiversity) are considered in connection to other urban, social, and economic aspects and constraints. This study develops a resilience-driven multi-objective optimisation model aiming to provide a Pareto-front of optimised solutions for effective incorporation of SuDS into (peri)urban planning, applied to a case study in Brazil. This model adopts the SuDS's two pillars of water quality and water quantity as the optimisation objectives with its level of spatial distribution as decision variables. Also, an improved quality of life index (iQoL) is developed to re-evaluate the optimal engineering solutions to encompass the amenity and biodiversity pillars of SuDS. Rain barrels, green roofs, bio-retention tanks, vegetation grass swales and permeable pavements are the suitable SuDS options identified in this study. The findings show that the most resilient solutions are costly but this does not guarantee higher iQoL values. Bio-retention tanks and grass swales play effective roles in promotion of water quality resilience but this comes with considerable increase in costs. Permeable pavements and green roofs are effective strategies when flood resilience is a priority. Rain barrel is a preferred solution due to the dominance of residential areas in the study area and the lower cost of this option.
Quality of Life , Rain , Brazil , Cities , Floods
Low Impact Development practices have emerged as alternative solutions for traditional urban drainage by restoring the pre-development hydrologic regime. In subtropical climate areas, the performance of these systems is still poorly understood. This study aims to assess the performance of a bioretention basin in a subtropical climate area during an entire hydrological year in order to analyze the differences between dry and rainy seasons. The main climatic factors and conditions influencing the runoff retention efficiency and peak attenuation were also analyzed in order to support bioretention design for flood control purposes. Data of 29 precipitation events were collected over three years (2016-2018). The results show that the bioretention system retained between 9% and 100% of the runoff volume with an average efficiency of 65% during a whole hydrological year. The average runoff retention efficiency was of 73% and 61% for dry and rainy seasons, respectively. This difference is explained by the climatic factors which affected the bioretention performance. During dry periods, the antecedent soil moisture condition and runoff generation rate were found to be more important than the total precipitation depth, while the runoff retention efficiency was primarily influenced by the total rainfall depth and the maximum rainfall intensity during the wet period. Future research should focus on each of these periods in more detail, including water quality aspects.
Rain , Water Movements , Brazil , Hydrology , Soil
Climate change scenarios tend to intensify extreme rainfall events and drought in Brazil threatening urban water security. Low Impact Development (LID) practices are decentralized alternatives for flood mitigation and prevention. Recently, their potential has increasingly been studied in terms of stormwater harvesting. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about their potentialities in subtropical climate regions. Therefore, this study evaluated the behavior of a bioretention cell in a Brazilian city, during the dry period, which is critical in terms of pollutant accumulation and water availability. In addition to the runoff reduction and pollutant removal efficiency, this paper analyzed the potential for water reuse in terms of the stored volume and water quality guidelines. The results obtained show an average runoff retention efficiency of 70%. Considering only the water availability aspects, the potential stored runoff could be reused for non-potable purposes, reducing the water demand in the catchment by at least half during the dry season. On the other hand, the bioretention presented two different conditions for pollutant removal: Condition A - the concentration values are within the recommended limits for water reuse. The parameters found in this condition were NO3, NO2, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr; Condition B - the pollutant concentrations are above the guideline limits for water reuse and cannot be directly used for different purposes. The parameters found in this condition were Fe, Pb, Ni, Cd and color. Considering water reuse, an additional treatment is required for parameters in this second condition. Further studies should evaluate the design aspects that can allow collection of LIDs effluent, additional treatment if necessary, and reuse in the catchment.
Rain , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Supply/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Cities , Quality Improvement , Water Movements , Water Quality/standards
LID practices for runoff control are increasingly being used as an integrated solution in urban drainage, helping to achieve hydrological balance close to the pre-urbanized period and decrease the diffuse pollution transported to urban rivers. Regarding bioretention, there is already broad knowledge about the detention of peak flows and their treatment capacity for many pollutants. However, there are still few field studies in microdrainage scale, which analyze the actual operation of these devices and raise common problems found, especially in subtropical climate. Therefore, this study aims to show what was learnt from the field operation of a bioretention cell on a micro-drainage scale, located in an urban catchment of a Brazilian city, suggesting maintenance actions as adaptations to the pathologies found. Five rainy events were monitored during the dry season, in order to carry out a preliminary analysis for critical conditions in terms of maintenance and diffuse pollution accumulation. From the first water balance results, low storage and low infiltration capacity of the soil were found as main pathologies. They led to a great amount of runoff passing directly through the cell surface and at a high velocity, resulting in soil erosion and low water retention efficiency. To overcome these problems, some structural adaptations were made over the cell, highlighting the semi-direct injection. The maintenance and adaptations proposed were suitable to avoid the erosion process, increasing the storage and improving the water retention efficiency in bioretention. They should be considered from the very initial stages, to using sites with low permeability.
Rain , Soil , Brazil , Cities , Hydrology , Urbanization
A garantia dos usos múltiplos da água, dos serviços ambientais e do equilíbrio ecológico depende de uma combinação adequada entre aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos dos rios. A presente pesquisa descreve aplicações de uma nova abordagem das curvas de permanência de vazões, que foram associadas a curvas de frequência acumulada de qualidade da água. Foram compilados dados de fósforo total (2005 a 2009) e vazão média mensal (1959 a 2003) dos rios Paraíba do Sul e Sorocaba para ilustrar o conceito. A integração entre as curvas de quantidade e qualidade se mostrou desejável por oferecer subsídios a concessões de outorga, à cobrança pelo uso da água, ao monitoramento ambiental e ao enquadramento dos cursos de água. Outro aspecto positivo é que essas curvas podem incorporar variações no clima e no uso e ocupação do solo, o que permite o estabelecimento de cenários ambientais.
The security of the different water uses, environmental services and ecological balance depends upon a well-weighted combination between quantitative and qualitative aspects in rivers. This research describes applications of a new approach of the frequency curves for discharge, which were associated with frequency curves for water quality. Data on total phosphorus (2005 to 2009) and monthly average flow (1959 to 2003) from the Paraíba do Sul and Sorocaba Rivers were compiled to further illustrate the concept. The integration between the curves of water quantity and quality was considered desirable as it can aid in the planning of water concessions, charging for water uses, environmental monitoring and establishment of water quality standards and framework. Moreover, these curves can accommodate variations in climate and land use, allowing the establishment of environmental scenarios.
The aim of this work was to study the influence of natural vegetation in two subwatersheds of the Tietê-Jacaré Water Resources Management Unit in São Paulo State on the pulse of their rivers. In Jacaré-Pepira Subwatershed, having higher remaining cover index, pulses were more predictable and had lower amplitude in the study period, indicating less perturbation of the water body and higher resilience of the aquatic ecosystem. Jacaré-Pepira River specific mean discharge was higher than the Q5 percent calculated through the Hydrologic Regionalization Method for São Paulo State, whereas Jaú River mean discharge was lower than Q5 percent. The minimum discharge recorded for Jacaré-Pepira River was higher than Q7.10 and equal to Q95 percent, whereas for Jaú River this value was practically equal to Q7,10 and lower than Q95 percent..
Este trabalho discute a influência da cobertura vegetal natural remanescente de duas sub-bacias hidrográficas, localizadas na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Tietê - Jacaré, estado de São Paulo, no pulso dos rios de cada uma delas. A sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Jacaré-Pepira, com maior índice de cobertura remanescente, apresentou pulsos mais previsíveis e de menor amplitude no período estudado, indicando menor perturbação do corpo hídrico e maior resiliência do ecossistema aquático. Constatou-se que a vazão média específica do rio Jacaré-Pepira no período foi maior que a Q5 por cento calculada pelo método de Regionalização Hidrológica do Estado de São Paulo, enquanto que para o rio Jaú a vazão média foi menor que a respectiva Q5 por cento. A vazão mínima registrada no período para o rio Jacaré-Pepira foi maior que a Q7,10 e igual a Q95 por cento. e para o rio Jaú a vazão mínima registrada no período foi praticamente igual a Q7,10 e menor que Q95 por cento.
Este trabalho descreve a construção de um sistema integrado de informações geográficas e de condições de saúde para idosos com demência, cadastrados nas Unidades de Saúde da Família de um município paulista. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo baseado em uma investigação quantitativa, desenvolvido no período de junho de 2006 a junho de 2007. Os passos metodológicos consistiram na criação de uma base de dados com atributos dos idosos, de um cadastro georeferenciado e de uma plataforma operacional para o armazenamento e gerenciamento do conjunto das informações. Foram visitados e avaliados 1.048 idosos, dos quais 275 apresentaram alterações cognitivas. A criação deste sistema permitiu visualizar a distribuição espacial dos idosos com demência, associar dados geográficos e de saúde, identificando fatores de risco e vulnerabilidade. A utilização de tecnologias de geoprocessamento mostrou-se importante no planejamento de ações de cuidado em gerontologia, contribuindo para a gestão de programas públicos de saúde.
This paper describes the construction of an information system, integrating geographic and health care data for elderly people with dementia who were registered in Family Health Units in a municipality in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The study is descriptive, based on a quantitative investigation conducted between June, 2006 and June, 2007. The methodological steps included the preparation of a database, registering the attributes of the elderly; of a second, geo-referenced registry; and the development of an operational platform to link these two information sets. In-home evaluations were conducted with 1048 elderly, 275 of whom presented cognitive impairments. The creation of this system enables a visualization of the geographic distribution of elderly with dementia, the investigation of geographic and health data associations; and the identification of risk and vulnerability factors. As such, geo-processing technologies enable important new possibilities for planning care initiatives in gerontology, improving public health program management.
En este trabajo se describe la construcción de un sistema integrado de informaciones geográficas y de las condiciones de salud para los ancianos con demencia, catastrados en Unidades de Salud de la Familia de un municipio paulista. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con base en una investigación cuantitativa, desarrollado de junio de 2006 a junio de 2007. Los pasos metodológicos consistieron en la creación de una base de datos con los atributos de los ancianos, así como de de un catastro georeferenciado y de una plataforma operacional para el almacenamiento y gerencia del conjunto de las informaciones. Fueron visitados y evaluados 1.048 ancianos, de los cuales 275 presentaron alteraciones cognitivas. La creación de este sistema permitió visualizar la distribución espacial de los ancianos con demencia, asociar datos geográficos y de salud, identificando factores de riesgo y vulnerabilidad. La utilización de tecnologías de geoprocesamiento se mostró importante en el planeamiento de acciones de cuidado en gerontología, contribuyendo para la gestión de programas públicos de salud.
Humans , Aged , Dementia , Health Policy , Health Services for the Aged , Geographic Information Systems , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Family Health
